Martin, C. L., and Keeffe, G., 2001.

The Synergy Crystal: Climatically Derived Urban Form Computer Implementation of a Solar Urban Planning Strategy for Mixed-Use Building in Northern European Cities

Abstract – The embryonic work of an American Architect, Professor Ralph Knowles - 'The Solar Envelope' has been applied to sites in Manchester using 3D computer modelling techniques. This has enabled this study to go beyond Professor Knowles's work and use the method, not only as a planning and regulation tool, but also as a design tool. In the future, with the development of high efficiency solar cells and better passive solar techniques, access to the sun for every building will be essential. Professor Knowles's theory, developed in Los Angeles (a gridiron city), is concerned with the creation of planning limits that maintain solar access for current and future development. This volume defined by 'The Solar Envelope' is an imaginary volume that is a Boolean subtraction of all temporal volumetric permutations of site development that do not overshadow surrounding sites. Advanced computer modelling techniques has allowed this research to apply the Solar Envelope to cities of complex urban geometries such as Manchester, hitherto considered too complex to model by hand. In addition the computer has facilitated the visualisation of an exactly opposing volume 'The Perfect Passive Solar Envelope' that is not shaded by others. The combination of these has produced the 'The Synergy Crystal', a volume which is fully insolated and yet does not impair other sites' view of the Sun.

Related Research:   Craig Martin